Who are the Real Parents Essay - 1592 Words

Who are the Real Parents? Are parents those who give birth to a child or those who care for a child? Does nature or nurture make a woman a mother? As more and more heartbreaking tugs-of-war between biological and adoptive parents surface, anyone searching for a baby has good reason for concern (Casey 119). Baby Jessica was raised from infancy by adoptive parents, Jan and Roberta DeBoer. For two and a half years Jessica was at the heart of one of the most bitter custody battles in America, caught between the parents in Michigan who reared her and the parents in Iowa who gave birth to her and wanted her back (Ingrassia and Springen 60). Cara and Dan Schmidt took screaming baby Jessica from her home in 1993 when they won their†¦show more content†¦When Rachael was only two months old Wendy and Tom learned of Mary Beth Hazler and Robert Grimes, Rachael’s biological parents. Mary Beth was seventeen years old and had broken up with her boyfriend, Grimes, when she was three months pregnant. Grimes had more than twenty arrests as a juvenile and had once faced charges of assaulting a police officer. After the Yacks had cared for Rachael for over two months they were informed that Mary Beth and Grimes had reconciled and decided they wanted their child back. Less than four months later, Wendy and Tom were served with papers ordering them to return Rachael to her biological parents. They were filed just twenty days before the end of a six month waiting period required by Pennsylvania law before an adoption becomes final (Yack 98). In June of 1981, Rachael was placed in foster care before the court reached it’s decision. At that time the judge had concluded that the Yacks had no rights to Rachael, but he was still deliberating whether Mary Beth and Grimes were fit parents. Four weeks later, the judge ordered Rachel to return to the Yacks pending a final decision. The Yacks were overjoyed but the child who came back to their home wasn’t the same little girl. She stared at the walls. It was as if she knew. On July 10, 1981, sixteen month old Rachael was taken from her home by Mary Beth andShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast Essay861 Words   |  4 PagesThose Who Dont, by Sandra Cisneros, the poem My Parents Kept Me from Children Who Were Rough, by Stephen Spender, and another poem We Real Cool, by Gwendolyn Brooks share many similarities and differences. These three pieces of literature talk about racism and rough children. Those Who Dont is about racism and how people think about others without getting to know them. My Parents Kept Me from Children Who Were Rough explains how a good child wants to be like other children who are badRead MoreIs Oedipus Innocent Essay732 Words   |  3 Pagesmarry his mother and kill his father. Oedipus is innocent of these crimes because he does not know the truth about his real parents, and because h e tries hard to avoid the prophecy. Oedipus is innocent because he did not know the truth about his real parents. He thinks that his parents are Polybus and Merope, which in fact had adopted him when he was an infant, while his real parents are King Laius and Queen Jocasta of Thebes (Sophocles 746-7). After King Laius and Queen Jocasta have Oedipus, theyRead MoreThe Legend Of Santa Claus1098 Words   |  5 PagesThe legend of Santa Claus known as Kris Kringle, also known as Old Saint Nick, can be traced back hundreds of years to a monk named St. Nicholas. At a young age he lost his parents inheriting a large amount of money. He had a reputation for helping the poor and giving secret gifts to people in need. Eventually a tradition developed that he would supposedly visit homes on Christmas Eve and children would place treats around the house to welcome him. As time went by, more and more was added to theRead MoreReading Is A Dynamic Goal Of Education1525 Words   |  7 Pagesa lot of reading series that improves chil dren’s reading proficiency, however, the Real Kids Readers are the greatest language arts curriculum based book series for preK-3rd grades that practices a significant phonics centered study. Phonics is defined as a technique of teaching individual to read by connecting sounds (phoneme) with letters (grapheme) or a group of letters in an alphabetic writing system, thus Real Kids Readers book series provides the phonics instruction approaches in an effectiveRead MoreAmerican Family Adopted By Deann Borshay Liem924 Words   |  4 Pagesfamily was nearly erased; until, she recurred her past, and decided to investigate it. After long times, she discovered that her Korean mother was still alive. She thought that it is so hard to tell adoptive mother about a real mother. It was so hard for her to talk American parents about Korean family because she felt like she was being disloyal to them and she also said: â€Å"I didn’t know how to talk to my mother about my mother.† (Borshay, 2000). She also said â€Å"because she was my mother. I feel uncomfortableRead MoreProtecting Children from Television Violence Essays1405 Words   |  6 Pagesbrainwashed into committing violent real-world crimes because of violent and pugnacious behavior exposed in mass media. In his article â€Å"No Real Evidence for TV Violence Causing Real Violence†, Jonathan Freedman, a professor of psychology at the University of Toronto and author of â€Å"Media Violence and Its Effect on Aggression: Assessing the Scientific Evidence†, discusses how television violence, claimed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), does not cause real-world aggression among adolescentsRead MoreCause And Effect Of Single Parent Households1154 Words   |  5 P agesEspecially in today’s society, it’s disturbingly common for a child to have to grow up in a single parent household, letting the consequences of this scenario internally destroy the child like a virus. The effects are usually the same, but the frequency of the effects shouldn’t deter the severity. Another misconstrued ideal about single parent households, is whether or not the â€Å"statistics† and the â€Å"studies† taken on these families is enough to summarize the general population. They aren’t. The sameRead MoreEssay on Should Homosexual Couples Be Allowed to Adopt Children?702 Words   |  3 Pageskind of issue because some may think, for instance, that child who is raised by gay parents will turn out gay, and so on. However, people forget about childrens happiness although they believe that children will be happier with straight and normal people. Who said so? Why do people decide for a kid? Also, how are straight couples are normal and gay couples are not? Some people believe that children of gay parents will eventually turn out to be homosexual as well. But no oneRead MoreParents Have Different Styles Of Parenting1401 Words   |  6 Pagesparenting in America can be defined many ways. Considering that the youth of today’s generation will be the ones to who will take over the world, we need to make sure that the parents are giving them some sort of real life expectations of the world they live in. Many parents have different styles of parenting. The two most popular styles are the free-range approach and the helicopter parents. People have tried to figure out which method has the best outcome for the child. These different methods of parentingRead MoreCyber Bullying And Its Effects On Children866 Words   |  4 Pagesanother media outlet that is abundant with violent content. Studies show that 90% of American teenagers use the Internet which is vastly unregulated (Lenhart). Thus, children have easy access to pornography, websites with cruel and racist content, and real-life scenes of violence. With pornography and profanity just being a Google-search away, free, and mostly without age restrictions, children tend to develop sexual curiosity at a very young age. According to Network World Inc., terms related to â€Å"sex

Essay An Epic Odyssey - 1544 Words

The stories of epic heroes remain important to many cultures, the Greeks in particular. These tales of heroic men not only entertain, but they teach people about morals and values that most epic heroes exemplify, such as intelligence and bravery. To be an epic hero, characters are usually highly born, favored by the gods, perform great deeds, and have flaws. These tales are told in heightened style and occur in grand settings. Odysseus, the King of Ithaca, meets these traits and is considered a prime example of an epic hero. His story is told in Homer’s The Odyssey and The Iliad. However, Odysseus’s journey sets him apart from other epic heroes. Most heroes follow the hero’s journey, in which a hero begins in the ordinary world, is called†¦show more content†¦Zeus, Athena’s father, also helps Odysseus from time to time. Zeus sends a thunderclap to Penelope upon Odysseus’s request, which gives Penelope hope that the gods are watching over he r. Hermes, the messenger god, gives Odysseus the charm of moly to protect him from being turned into a pig by Circe. The only god who does not favor Odysseus is Poseidon, who is angry with Odysseus for blinding his Cyclops son. Despite the trouble Poseidon sends Odysseus, the favor of other gods helps Odysseus return home. An epic hero also performs many great deeds. Odysseus performs many great deeds that demonstrate both his strength and intelligence on his travels. In The Iliad, Homer comes up with the idea of the Trojan Horse, which leads to the defeat of Troy. On his return home in The Odyssey, Odysseus uses strength to take out the eye of the Cyclops, and he uses intelligence to escape the cave by hiding under a ram. He also uses strength and intelligence to kill the suitors. Odysseus displays intelligence to plan the attack, then strength to kill them. Odysseus’s deeds require both great strength and intelligence, and there are many heroes in literature who do not have both. In addition, epic heroes are mortal men, and all men have flaws. Odysseus has the flaw of hubris, excessive pride, a flaw common in many heroes. An example of this flaw comes after Odysseus escapes the Cyclops’s cave. When Odysseus arrives safely at his boat, heShow MoreRelatedThe Epic Of The Odyssey Essay942 Words   |  4 Pageswith adversity in order to get there. However, compared to Odysseus in The Odyssey, who is strong, but untrusting, we will soon see that Sunjata is not only a man but a hero. In both texts we see each man adored by many and even compared to Gods like Odysseus in The Odyssey. However, when we break down the words of each epic we are faced to confront the truths of what a hero really is. This claim explains why The Odyssey expresses a false sense of heroism whereas Sunjata gives the audience and exampleRead MoreThe Epic Of The Odyssey1192 Words   |  5 Pagescrisis; I personally wait and panic around 5:30 in the evening. Nonetheless, the ques tion in figuring out one’s own identity has plagued humanity from the beginning of time and continues to affect even the culture of today. Found in the Greek epic The Odyssey, the title character’s son Telemachus confronts a multitude of outside difficulties, which in turn progresses his journey to find himself. In extension, more recent works including â€Å"Living with Integrity†, an essay by Bob Barret, encapsulatesRead MoreThe Epic Of The Odyssey1694 Words   |  7 PagesThe Odyssey is a epic Greek poem written by the poet Homer. The poem takes place after the ten year Trojan war, and the main hero of the poem is the war hero Odyssey, King of Ithaca, and his long, perilous journey home to his wife and son. The poem takes place ten years after the Trojan war, and Odysseus hasn’t returned home from the war where he had successfully fought.   Odysseus son  Telemachus is a bright, brave, 20 years old who is living in his father s house on the island of  Ithaca  withRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Odyssey1636 Words   |  7 PagesThe Epic of Gilgamesh and the Odysseus both are poems that have since early times been viewed as stories that teach the reader valuable life lessons, almost like a self-help book in today’s society. They both teach a lot of the same general lessons but there are some key similarities and differences throughout both works. Such as perseverance, and the inevitability of death are both lessons that are taught in each poem but they are presented to the reader through different interpretations. In theRead MoreThe Odyssey And The Epic Of Gilgamesh Essay1193 Words   |  5 PagesWhen it comes to the realm of epic poetry, and hero-like characters in literature, the two works The Odyssey and the Epic of Gilgamesh can be compared and contrasted in different ways. The Odyssey and the Epic of Gilgamesh can be compared as expressions of searches for the meaning of life through knowledge. The two stories are somewhat mirrors in this manner. Throughout each story, the characters Odysseus and Gilgamesh show growth and change. The Odyssey can be summed up by stating how the greatRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Odyssey Essay790 Words   |  4 Pagesadventures taken by characters as a tool to exhibit the alteration of the character’s nature. Examples of such can be found in The Epic of Gilgamesh and The Odyssey. The journeys undertaken in The Epic of Gilgamesh and The Odyssey were transformative experiences for the characters in each and provided valuable cultural insights to the audience. At the start of The Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh is the arrogant ruler of the city Uruk. He is obsessed with immortality, which can be seen in the descriptionRead MoreThe Odyssey An Epic Poem1418 Words   |  6 PagesThe Odyssey an epic poem that has stood the test of time as history is made. Homer made a story as raptured almost everyone who reads it. Even the most trivial characters seem to serve some important role later in the epic poem. Yet it seems that the meaning of this great piece of fiction changes with the changing desires of society. Yet one thing that Homer puts in every corner of the book stays the same with the test of time. The misfortune that hangs like the sword of Damocles over each characters’Read MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Odyssey1487 Words   |  6 Pagessecrets and mysterious unknowns. It is because water can mean so many different things that it used so much to symbolize important things in literary pieces. In both the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Odyssey, water is used as a symbol that represents complex ideas, and it plays a significant role throughout both literary pieces. In the Epic of Gilgamesh, water is mainly used to symbolize life and death as well as rebirth or baptism. In several of Gilgamesh’s dreams water is used as a symbol that representsRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Odyssey1765 Words   |  8 Pagesand how their values have been passed down and evolved over time. The Epic of Gilgamesh and The Odyssey are both considerable representations of not only their unique cultures that set the very foundation of both civilization and storytelling, but also for their similar and different aspects of what they considered to be a hero. The most familiar structure to mythological stories such as the Epic of Gilgamesh and The Odyssey is that of a â€Å"tragic plot†. A tragic plot is a perfect plot that is connectedRead MoreThe Epic Poem The Odyssey 1459 Words   |  6 PagesHospitality has been around and important to cultures for almost forever. In the epic poem The Odyssey by Homer, there are many themes, but the theme of hospitality reoccurs throughout the entire epic. This epic takes place in Ancient Greece after the Trojan War. The main character, Odysseus, is on a journey back home to Ithaca after being away for ten years. Along the way, he must make stops and stays in the homes of the different people during his journey. The individuals that are hosting the stranger

Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus Aureus on Microbiology Students

Question: Discuss about theNasal Carriage of Staphylococcus Aureus on Microbiology Students. Answer: Introduction The S.aureus species of bacteria together with the Methicillin Resistant Variant (MRSA) have a foundational niche of ecology in the nasal cavity of humans. However, it can invade the intestines and the perennial parts of the human body. S.aureus is among the major factors associated with health care and community acquired infections. Commonly, S.aureus colonizes body sites such as device sites and open wounds, that is, the nose and the exposed skin areas. Some of the commonest infections associated with S.aureus include pneumonia, food poisoning, skin infections, Toxic Shock Syndrome (Otto, 2014) and blood poisoning which is also known as bacteremia (Tong, Davis, Eichenberger, Holland Fowler, 2015). The clinical significance of S.aureus is that its infections are dependent on the virulence of a particular bacteria strain, host immunity and size of the inoculum. Its infections are suppurative leading to abscesses containing damaged leukocytes and pus that are surrounded by necrotic tissue. Skin infections are the most prevalent of all the infections associated with S.aureus bacteria. These infections may be in form of pimples or boils. Sometimes, the infections are characterized by some pus or form of drainage which can be swollen, painful or reddish in color (Frank, Feazel, Bessesen, Price, Janoff Pace, 2010). These may sometimes shift to impetigo which is capable of changing into a skin crust. The skin infections due to S.aureus bacteria can attack anyone irrespective of factors such as age or location (Chen, Xie, Ni, Dai, Lu, Wu, Huang, 2017). The most significant and effective way of preventing infection due to staphs is keeping hands and wounds clean always. In most cases, the staphs are managed through infection drainage and use of antibiotics. There are some individuals who are at a higher risk of having the infections than others. Some of those at a higher risk include those with weak immunity, severe or chronic underlying illnesses such as diabetes, prolonged and recurrent exposure to antibiotics and invasive procedure such as catheterization and open wounds (DeLeo, Otto, Kreiswirth Chambers, 2010). Virulence factors of S.aureus play a crucial role in its pathogenicity. Enzymes like kinase, hemolysin, leucocidin and leukotoxins are key facilitators of the spread of the bacteria species in various body tissues and organs (Argudn, Tenhagen, Fetsch, Sachsenrder, Ksbohrer, Schroeter Mendoza, 2011). Surface proteins such as capsule inhibit the phagocytic mechanism of the bacteria. Additionally, the biochemical proteins such as carotenoids and catalase promote the survival of the species in the phagocytes. Health Care -Associated MRSA differ from Community Associated MRSA based on microbiology, epidemiology and clinical manifestations. CA-MRSA strains are regarded to be more susceptible to antibiotics since they contain csssete of chromosome type IV which produce a virulence factor called panton-Valentine leucocidin which causes soft tissue and skin infections to those who get invaded by MRSA (Argudn, Tenhagen, Fetsch, Sachsenrder, Ksbohrer, Schroeter Mendoza, 2011). Active surveillance for the students colonized with Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) is the key recommendation in prevention of all infections associated with MSRA. Several research studies so far have reported on how prevalent MRSA nasal carriage is in health care settings (Halablab, Hijazi, Fawzi Araj, 2010). Infection control multidisciplinary team in a local hospital in Delhi expressed much concern on the rising number of patients admitted to the hospital with MRSA colonization. Based on the high rate of admissions, it was suggested that the local community in Delhi might be having a high prevalence of MRSA (DeLeo, Otto, Kreiswirth Chambers, 2010). An MRSA survey was then undertaken aimed at screening health care workers and patients for MRSA nasal carriage, identifying risk factors of colonization of MRSA and determining their pattern of resistance. From this survey, it was concluded that Community Associated MRSA contributes to approximately 30% of infections associated with S.aureus in hospitals in Delhi. There is an urgency to study and research about S.aureus which is rapidly growing in communities and health centers (Tong, Davis, Eichenberger, Holland Fowler, 2015). Materials and Methods The survey was conducted for more than 11 months between 2013 and 2017. The experiments which were performed involved nasal swabs from Microbiology Students at RMIT University who were considered to be generally healthy. The study included the students who voluntarily decided to participate in the survey and a one-time sampling of the participants was employed. The sample of microbiology students who participated in the study were all screened for Nasal Carriage of S.aureus after verbal consent had been obtained from them. Specimens were collected using pre-moistened sterile cotton swabs from the anterior nares of the healthy students. Specimen inoculation was carried out with the aim of introducing a vaccine or an antigen to their bodies to produce a strong immunity for bacterial infections. The incubation of the inoculation was carried out in ambient air for a duration of 24-48 hours using sheep blood agar and mannitol salt (Lozano, Gmez-Sanz, Benito, Aspiroz, Zarazaga, M., Torres, 2011). Colonies which suggested S.aureus were white/ cream non-hemolytic or hemolytic yellow on Oxacillin Blood Agar and Mannitol Salt Agar. Catalase, gram stain, slide and tube coagulase tests were applied in identification of the S.aureus colonies. Confirmation of S.aureus isolates was done using disk confusion in accordance with the Clinical Laboratory Standards. Colonies of isolated presumptive of S.aureus were also confirmed after the discussion together with my survey demonstrator (Lozano, Gmez-Sanz, Benito, Aspiroz, Zarazaga, M., Torres, 2011). Results From the 662 microbiology students who were screened during the survey, 184 of the participants turned positive for S.aureus nasal carriage. The colonies that suggested S.aureus had a typical morphology on Mannitol Salt Agar, were Mannitol Positive, Catalase Positive and Gram-positive cocci with a typical morphology on microscopy. The ultimate confirmation of the survey findings was the tests on coagulase tests. The table below show the coagulation tests results in percentage for the respective years when the screening was carried out: Table 1.0 Year of screening Coagulation tests results in percentage (%) 2013 35.45 2014 19.26 and 29.20 2016 34.81 and 23.08 aureus nasal carriage rates of RMIT Students from 2013 to 2018 The findings for collective data were as tabulated below: Table 2.0 Year No. of S.aureus Carriers Total number of students screened 2013 39 110 2014 26 135 2015 33 113 2016 47 135 2017 39 169 Discussion Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) has become the leading contributing factor of soft-tissues and skin disorders. Recent studies reports that infections associated with MRSA among the healthy individuals in community settings dont have prior history of S.aureus bacteria (Rackham, Ray, Franks, Bielak Pinn, 2010). This survey discovered that 184 out of 662 microbiology students had nasal carriage of S.aureus. This number of participants was equivalent to 27.79 percent of the total number of the participants. The quoted conventionally values of nasal carriage for S.aureus ranged from 20 percent to 40 percent (Kitti, Boonyonying Sitthisak, 2011). Papers regarding outpatient interaction from the Cosmopolitan population at Dehli showed a colonization rate of 5.3 percent, Japan had a rate of 32.4% while USA reported a percentage of 32.4 among the adults with S.aureus. This was higher than the results of this survey. The survey found that S.aureus prevalence in healthy students was 27.79 percent which is lower than the findings of Delhi which had a percentage of 37.3. Other surveys among workers in health care centers especially the ones in burns and Intensive Care Units have a conclusion that the rate of carrier of S.aureus is ranges from 6-50 percent. The spread of the bacterial is associated with the hands of health care workers (Halablab, Hijazi, Fawzi Araj, 2010). The bacteria species has a significant transmission medium through hand carriers which act as the reservoirs (Shibabaw, Abebe Mihret, 2013). Prolonged use of antibiotics and hospitalizations contribute to the increased conveyance rate and transmission of S.aureus. The survey was limited since conducting surveys with specimens from the hind nares for screening detects only 75 percent of the bacteria. The prevalence of S.aureus colonization could have been underestimated by the nasal cultures since the bacteria can invade other parts of the body such as axilla and pharynx (Rackham, Ray, Franks, Bielak Pinn, 2010). Conclusion The survey indicates that S.aureus nasal carriage is rated at 27.79 percent which corresponds to 184 out of 662 participants. The survey also singles out that incoming facilities pose an independent risk for S.aureus colonies. The findings of this survey are significant in control and prevention of the rapid spread of the MRSA among microbiology students which can extend to the community at large. It is recommendable to encourage hand washing among health care workers and enlighten the community about the bacteria to prevent it from spreading and minimize infections. References Argudn, M. A., Tenhagen, B. A., Fetsch, A., Sachsenrder, J., Ksbohrer, A., Schroeter, A., ... Mendoza, M. C. (2011). Virulence and resistance determinants in German Staphylococcus aureus ST398 isolates from non-human origin.Applied and environmental microbiology. Chen, B. J., Xie, X. Y., Ni, L. J., Dai, X. L., Lu, Y., Wu, X. Q., ... Huang, S. Y. (2017). Factors associated with Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and molecular characteristics among the general population at a Medical College Campus in Guangzhou, South China.Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials,16(1), 28. DeLeo, F. R., Otto, M., Kreiswirth, B. N., Chambers, H. F. (2010). Community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.The Lancet,375(9725), 1557-1568. Frank, D. N., Feazel, L. M., Bessesen, M. T., Price, C. S., Janoff, E. N., Pace, N. R. (2010). The human nasal microbiota and Staphylococcus aureus carriage.PloS one,5(5), e10598. Halablab, M. A., Hijazi, S. M., Fawzi, M. A., Araj, G. F. (2010). Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage rate and associated risk factors in individuals in the community.Epidemiology Infection,138(5), 702-706. Kitti, T., Boonyonying, K., Sitthisak, S. (2011). Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among university students in Thailand.Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health,42(6), 1498. Lozano, C., Gmez-Sanz, E., Benito, D., Aspiroz, C., Zarazaga, M., Torres, C. (2011). Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage, virulence traits, antibiotic resistance mechanisms, and genetic lineages in healthy humans in Spain, with detection of CC398 and CC97 strains.International Journal of Medical Microbiology,301(6), 500-505. Ma, X. X., Sun, D. D., Wang, S., Wang, M. L., Li, M., Shang, H., ... Luo, E. J. (2011). Nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among preclinical medical students: epidemiologic and molecular characteristics of methicillin-resistant S. aureus clones.Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease,70(1), 22-30. Olsen, K., Sangvik, M., Simonsen, G. S., Sollid, J. U. E., Sundsfjord, A., Thune, I., Furberg, A. S. (2013). Prevalence and population structure of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in healthcare workers in a general population. The Troms Staph and Skin Study.Epidemiology Infection,141(1), 143-152. Otto, M. (2014). Staphylococcus aureus toxins.Current opinion in microbiology,17, 32-37. Rackham, D. M., Ray, S. M., Franks, A. S., Bielak, K. M., Pinn, T. M. (2010). Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in a college student athlete population.Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine,20(3), 185-188. Shibabaw, A., Abebe, T., Mihret, A. (2013). Nasal carriage rate of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among Dessie Referral Hospital health care workers; Dessie, Northeast Ethiopia.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control,2(1), 25. Tong, S. Y., Davis, J. S., Eichenberger, E., Holland, T. L., Fowler, V. G. (2015). Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management.Clinical microbiology reviews,28(3), 603-661.

Stevie Essay Example For Students

Stevie Essay http://www.fibrohugs.com/html/inspiration_stevie.htmlStevie is the story about a young boy who overcame a lot of obstacles to become one ofthe best workers that his field ever had. Stevie has his boss quoted was â€Å" short, a little dumpy,with the smooth facial features and a thick tongued speech of down syndrome.† His boss evenused to be worried to he wouldn’t work out, that all the people that go there to dine thatweren’t truckers would not like him very much. So for the first couple of weeks his boss watchedhim a lot, and made sue that he was doing everything right. Stevie soon became the center of attention everybody in the dinner loved him. He hadthe workers doing everything he wanted and the people soon made him their mascot. Eventhough he was the center of attention Stevie never forgot about his duties that he had. Hewould always make sure that everything was in place, the salt and pepper shakers were alwaysin place, and there were never any bread crumbs or spots left one table. The only problems thatthey would ever have from him would be that he would like to clean the tables while people werestill sitting at them . The best things about Stevie was that he took pride in is work. We will write a custom essay on Stevie specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Stevie grew up with his widowed mother who was disable because she had cancer. Theyonly thing they had to live on was Social Security. His boss started to learn that what ever heearned there was what keeping him and his mother alive, and making get sent to a group home. When Stevie missed work for the 1st time in three years everybody was very sad.He hadbegan to have heart problems and was gonna get tested to see if he could get a new heart. After he had the survey everybody was happy when they found out that Stevie was doing reallyWhen the truckers heard what Stevie and his mother would have to go through to pay therepeople, decided to donate money. Truckers and other people that would come there donate atotal of $10,000 to Stevie and his mother so that they could help them. When Stevie turned to work after his survey he was scared that his job would be gone. He called his work ten time in the week to make sure everything would be okay. When he got towork with his mom the morning that he would start work again, his boss asked him to wait for acouple of minutes. He then said that he wanted Steve to follow him. Stevie did and his bosstook him to a table in the back that was covered with cups and napkins, his boss asked him topick then up and clean it up when h found the money. Stevie was so happy. After he said thankyou instead of staying their socializing, Stevie started cleaning up. This is what has made himone of the best workers a person could ever have. Bibliography:

Why We are Shy Writers…and Natural At It

Why We are Shy Writers†¦and Natural At It I swear†¦emails from readers are the best catalysts for editorials and lessons. They make me think, and they give me ideas for stories, for solutions, for hints on how to help other writers. It’s been a while since I’ve talked SHY WRITER. As many of you know, I wrote THE SHY WRITER REBORN because I have an earnest longing to help writers afraid to publish, speak or self-promote. It’s hard. I hate it, too. It goes against my grain. If I could stay locked up in my study writing, and let someone else sell my work, I would. Most of us would. So I wrote THE SHY WRITER REBORN to share the hints, lessons and tricks I’ve collected over the years that help me step away from my desk and be an entrepreneur. I’m much better than I used to be, but still, there are many moments when I want to turn down an opportunity, walk away from people, and crawl into my own head to live out my life†¦and tell my stories. But last week I received this memo: â€Å"I need a push. Confidence in business and teaching has been my strength for so many years. Why am I a shy writer?† This woman could’ve been me . . . WAS me. As a federal director for years, I held a reputation for being pretty strong and diligent in maintaining the direction of any mission assigned to me. Many relied upon me. Some of my peers found me intimidating. To tell you a secret, part of that intimidation was the fact I would write better than anyone I met within the agency, and trust me, writing well makes everyone who can’t write think you’re part genius. But I recall the first time I had to read my fiction aloud, at a critique group. After 25 years of management, I sat in a room at the local library, holding only ten people, and literally shook as I read Chapter One of Lowcountry Bribe. Five years later, when Lowcountry Bribe had a contract, when I should’ve felt validated, I stood at a writers conference to read my fiction again, and shook. That evening, I pondered what the deal was. How could I be so strong one minute and fearful the next? Then it hit me. In business and teaching, we are symbolic of an organization, a school, a subject. We are something else. However, as writers, we are putting ourselves out there. What we say is only ours, from our words, our personal thoughts. That’s hitting too close to home. If we can put ourselves in the â€Å"role† of author, maybe that same strength we use for business and teaching would come forth. And I’ve been using that logic ever since.

Vulgar and Vulgarity

Vulgar and Vulgarity Vulgar and Vulgarity Vulgar and Vulgarity By Maeve Maddox The English word vulgar derives from the Latin word for â€Å"the common people†: vulgus. Before it took on the meanings of â€Å"unrefined, coarse, uncultured, refined, and ill-bred,† vulgar meant â€Å"belonging to the mass of people,† or â€Å"commonly used or known.† Nonjudgmental uses of vulgar For example, what historians now refer to as the Common Era (and some writers still refer to as A.D.) was once called â€Å"the Vulgar Era†: the division of historical time inhabited by all living people in common. â€Å"Vulgar Latin† was the form of Latin spoken by the common people, as opposed to the classical Latin spoken and written by the educated classes. Jerome’s 4th century translation of the Bible into Latin came to be known as the â€Å"Latin Vulgate†not because he wrote it in vulgar Latin, but because it succeeded earlier translations in common use. Note: Modern speakers equate the term â€Å"vulgar language† with obscenity, so if you want to talk about the common speech of a people, the better choice is vernacular: the native speech or language of a particular country or district; also, the informal, colloquial, or distinctive speech of a people or a group. In mathematics, there’s such a thing as â€Å"a vulgar fraction†: common fractions or vulgar fractions are those in which the numerator and denominator are represented by numbers placed the one above, the other below, a horizontal line. Vulgar to mean â€Å"crude and socially offensive† Throughout history, wealth and formal education have been confined to a small part of every country’s population. As a result, the language and behavior of these small privileged segments have come to be seen as the civilized norm. What is vulgar in one culture may be socially acceptable in another. Behavior considered to be vulgar in Western culture includes: uttering mean, hurtful, insulting remarks telling offensive jokes in mixed company invading the personal space of others making inappropriate sexual remarks appearing in public without being fully dressed spitting, farting, etc. in public talking about intimate personal matters to strangers talking loudly screaming, either at a distance to be heard, or in anger or excitement peppering ordinary speech with obscenities and vulgarities asking personal questions of mere acquaintances bragging about possessions and financial worth The Google Ngram Viewer shows a dramatic drop in the appearance of the word vulgar in printed works from the 19th to the 21st century, but a web search suggests that it may be experiencing a come-back. Here are some examples: [Basketball player] fined $75K for homophobic, vulgar remarks the Jordan Belfort of the memoirs comes off as a delusional, vulgar fraud. Toddler taken from vulgar parents after filthy video goes viral Maine governor makes vulgar remark about lawmaker Perhaps as the result of an essay by Lee Siegel in The Wall Street Journal, a search of the article’s title, â€Å"America the Vulgar,† receives about 10,900,000 results And not all the web occurrences of vulgar are judgmental; some manufacturers are proud to offer â€Å"vulgar, offensive T-shirts† for sale. Vulgar language occupies an important place in the human psyche. â€Å"Bad words† exist in every language ever studied. Uttering an obscenity can relieve strong feelings. A string of curses can prevent physical violence. George Carlin and Richard Pryor knew how to use vulgarity to add force to social criticism, but they did it in the context of closed venues. As Carlin energetically pointed out, context is what makes a word â€Å"bad†; context also determines the appropriateness of â€Å"inappropriate† language. When vulgar language becomes commonplace, its emotive power is squandered. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Homograph Examples"Latter," not "Ladder"10 Functions of the Comma

Analysis of the Business and Operationg Environments of Ireland Essay

Analysis of the Business and Operationg Environments of Ireland - Essay Example At the end, the paper provides information on the prospects and problems of establishing business relations with Ireland. Overview: Ireland is an island having an area of about 32,595.1 sq mi. The island has an ideal strategic location and is located to the northwest of Continental Europe. The Atlantic Ocean is located to the west of Ireland and the Celtic sea is located to the south. The island is vast and therefore forms the third largest island of Europe. Ireland is the world’s twentieth largest island and is politically divided into two parts: Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. (The Survey, 1966). The Republic of Ireland occupies five-sixths of the total area of Ireland and the Northern Ireland occupies the remaining area. Northern Island is a part of Great Britain and has a north eastern location. (Ireland. Paris, 1969). In accordance with a recent census, Ireland has an approximate population of 6.4 million. Northern Ireland has a population of 4.5 million while t he population of Republic of Ireland is approximately 1.8 million. (Wyndham 2010). The topography of Ireland is diverse but primarily consists of a central plain surrounded by relatively low lying mountains and it is also known as the Emerald Isle. Ireland has a temperate and an insular climate. The central plain has a number of tributaries of navigable rivers. The largest of Republic of Ireland is Dublin while the largest city of Northern Ireland is Bedfast. The culture of Ireland is diverse and is the product of the combination of different cultures. The major ethnic groups of Ireland are Irish, Ulster Scotts, and Irish Travellers. (McCarthy, Joe 1964). The Republic of Ireland was declared a free Irish state on 6th December 1922 and Northern Ireland is a part of Great Britain and was established as a separate state on 3rd May 1921. Ireland has four provinces which are Connacht, Leinster, Munster, Ulster. Connacht is located in the western part of the island and Leinster has an eas tern location. Munster is located in the south and Ulster in the north. There are thirty two traditional colonies in Ireland. The Republic of Ireland has twenty six colonies and the remaining ones are the part of Northern Island. Ireland has a mild climate which favors the growth of lush green vegetation. (Ruane et al 2003). The island has frequent rainfall throughout the year. The weather is primarily determined by Maritime influence. During the Ice Age, a larger area of Ireland was covered with ice and this is the primary reason why the diversity of plant, animal and aquatic species of Ireland shows a lesser degree of diversity than Great Britain. Ireland is home to about 55 species of mammals. The prominent mammalian species include the hedge hog, red fox and badger. Furthermore, Ireland is home to more than 400 bird species. Ireland is a healthy island and a large part of its population is well aware of the importance of fitness. The educational system of Ireland is dual. Irelan d has a high literacy rate and the Republic of Ireland has an ideal educational system based on three levels; primary, secondary and higher. (McCarthy, Joe 1964).The educational system of Northern Ireland is different from that of the rest of United Kingdom and is highly successful as more than one third of the students obtained A

Survey online travel agencies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Survey online travel agencies - Essay Example The second type is the 'blind' sites which are similar to open sites but they allow a customer to bid a price, a location or a time to get his/her ticket reservation but a user may not know the airline, departure time or specific hotel until the actual ticket is bought. These websites also have the normal search functionality where a customer can view the travel fares without bidding. The third type of online travel sites are merely search engines popularly known as 'meta search engines' (Rand, 2006). The term means that they search other sites which provide air travel. The search engine goes through all available online travel agencies websites (open sites) and finds the best results for the user. (CR, 2008) As mentioned above, there are three types of online travel agencies. These agencies fight within themselves to get the highest market share (Rand, 2006). For the analysis sake, the business strategy is compared according to these types. Popular open sites include agencies like Orbitz, Expedia, and Travelocity amongst others. Orbitz (www.orbitz.com) strategy is to market itself in the eco-tourism and beats the other two companies in terms of thoroughness and provides car rentals and hotel reservations at guaranteed prices. Expedia (www.expedia.com) is a highly rated site which offers extra benefits to the customers like rewards for frequent flyers, going to less-common foreign routes and awards programs. Travelocity's (www.Travelocity.com) website is easily customizable to find what the user wants. Best fares, time frame and different combinations of airline, hotels, car rentals etc. can be entered as search parameters and found easily. (CR, 2008) Blind Sites Two popular blind sites are there in the category, Priceline and Hotwire. Priceline's (www.priceline.com) strategy is to let travelers bid a price on where and when they want to fly. The website then searches for all available seats on any airline matching the cost, time and the destination. The bid can be rejected if the bid is too low, where a traveler can increase the bid and try again in 24 hours. Due to the inconvenience of not knowing the exact time of departure and airline, Priceline is best option only for people who are flexible and need a low cost travelling solution. On the other hand, Hotwire (www.hotwire.com) is successful on its own strategy. Travelers can select a tourism package complete with hotel and car reservation without knowing the airline or the hotel. However by specifying the location radius, the website can choose the best priced hotel within that radius. The site also offers consultancy with the help of historical trends which makes Hotwire more interesting and better in terms of customer perception. (CR, 2008) Search Engines Travel search engines like Kayak and Yahoo! FareChase are two of the most popular Meta search engines. Kayak (www.kayak.com) plays on its extra features like finding the lowest fares from a traveler's closest airport. Their deals with hotels and airlines return a very good price for the customers. Its most helpful feature includes the fare comparison tool that lets a customer check the lowest fares that other passengers paid for similar routes and to compare search results against those found on other open or blind sites. Yahoo!

Impact of Standardized Testing Essay Example for Free

Impact of Standardized Testing Essay There is a vast literature available concerning African American male student accomplishment and its relation to the accomplishment gap occurrence (Perry, Stelle, Hilliard, 2003; Thernstrom Thernstrom, 2003; Hrabrowksi, 1998; Ogbu, 1998; Patterson, 2006; Polite Davis, 2001; Duncan, 1999; Freeman, 1999). Researchers and media channels explain the causes of African Americans continuously staying behind their White partners. Several provide limited allegations concerning African American male student accomplishment from either a past, sociological, or monetary view when deciding school achievement or failure. On the contrary, sufficient notice has not been granted to experiential and mixed methodological styles for assisting in advancing the debate concerning the provision of efficient resolutions toward narrowing the achievement gap that exists between African American male learners and counteracting deficit-model styles. In â€Å"Educating African American Males: Voices from the Fields†, the author Fashola (2008) and some other important academician researchers tackle this matter. The book is segmented in eight chapters, locating itself in many thematic areas that include social, ethnic, and past matters; school reform; primary, middle and high school experiences; structural analysis of manliness; institutional types of prejudice; and extra-curricular activities which assist in the promotion of affirmative self-confidence and analytical skills for African American males. Altogether, the providers enunciate the requirement of novel styles by demanding the educational commune to shift beyond conventional means of accomplishment and to comprehend the importance of social, past, ethnic, behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and educational styles that add to the broadening of the achievement gap between African American males and their white partners. Cooper and Jordan (2003) tackle the issues of African American male student achievement and they do this by locating and investigating the past as well as the methodical impacts of prejudice and also by displaying the way institutionalized domination have a part to play in the broadening of the achievement gap. The authors assess the elements such as uncontrolled unemployment, poverty, and insufficient accessibility to health care as the possible elements of African American males not being franchised in the circumstance of school and community. The authors imply that an â€Å"intergenerational poverty† (p. 2) exists which disseminates a self-fulfilling prediction for several of African American males. Ogbu’s (1998) research allows for the contextualizing of such past injustices. It is implied that â€Å"the treatment of minorities in the wider society is reflected in their treatment in education† (p. 159). In his book Noguera (2003) assists in the contextualizing of few of the practical attitudes which are required for the comprehension of certain of the behavioral trends of African American males which have an impact on them in school. The author offers information and research which record the way they were marginalized and wronged by the schooling experiences in the capitalist educational frameworks. Text offers a qualitative study which looks for determining the part that educators have in the motivation of students; teachers can utilize this information to reassess and modify their educational and instructional practices and also to fulfill the requirements of African American males and at the same time provide with suitable scaffolding so as to assist the learners in meeting the academic standards. Along with this, Noguera also debates that the learners are to be taught and habituated so as to see that the academic institutions are advantageous to them and also that the anticipations for them are high. Noguera writes about the schooling experiences of African American males by assessing their accomplishment trends in public schools and tackling with their consequent detachment. He writes that Black males underperform on standardized tests and that they undergo much higher drop-out rates. Although Black males achieve much and their performance is good in the primary grades, they tend to underperform by the age of nine (Garibaldi, 1992). His recommendation is that the educators should be placing literary and language enrichment at the head of their instructional concerns. This is particularly important during their primary school times; supplementing with the talents allows for African American males to become self-sufficient, analytical thinking is principal for their general intellectual achievement or failure. Development of Problem An operational attitude to the tradition of schooling also offers a valuable contextual structure for the investigation of student â€Å"oppositionality† and â€Å"resistance† (Ogbu, 1998) as minor traditional features displayed by particular minority learners in reaction to their communal marginalization. The idea of identity and the way it is written either by a person or the community is made pertinent by the reactions of these marginalized learners and is a vital part of a sufficient hypothetical viewpoint on tradition. The academic achievement gap which is present between African American and White learners is a very urgent contest for the urban education in the United States in the present times. Generally, the rank and academic achievement of minority groups in science have been issues of concern in various areas (National Science Foundation, 1994; Atwater, 2000). In a wide-ranging assessment of the issues, Jencks and Phillips (1998) suggest that there should be an application of methodical and preserved research attempts targeted at investigating the causes for the low performance of particular minority groups. When discussing the achievement gap and displaying it as a challenge for the urban education, there has to be an emphasis placed on certain aspects of the urban schools which are responsible for the existent gap. In the United States, the fact that the majority of the Black students study in urban or inner city institutions is correct, and on the other hand White students normally study at suburban schools. It is possible that this factor is responsible for the achievement gap between the Blacks and the Whites and it provides with an urban/suburban aspect. Urban academic institutions are also different from the suburban ones in the accessibility of the study material and commune sources. Even though the fact that the suburban schools normally have much better sources in contrast to the urban schools is true, an exploration can be made in whether the resources that are accessible for the urban schools are utilized most advantageously so as to improve the student involvement and intellectual accomplishment. Even though standardized testing traditionally has been slackly connected to responsibility and student education, the association had been weak. The association between student education and high-stakes standardized testing became more distinct, and a rise in the utilization of the tests has reached classic magnitude following the introduction of the No Child Left Behind. The argument behind such a connection is that raised pressure to perform well on standardized tests, and also a series of incentives and penalties, will raise the student education and accomplishment. Impacts of such testing standards have broad results, not just on the current generation but also on the next generations of youth. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to assess the impact that standardized testing has on African American male students. The study aims to display the issues connected with the impact of standardized testing on African American males. African American males face discrimination and due to that they do not perform as they should in their academics. Innumerable researches have been conducted to examine African American youths’ academic results. There is relative concentration with a stress on the achievement gap between African American youths generally and also that of other ethnic categories, like the Europeans and Asian Americans. Several conceptual structures have been offered which propose the achievement gap in educational results is the outcome of societal-level discrimination which afflicts African Americans (for example, Fordham Ogbu, 1986; Ogbu, 1987, 1994; Steele, 1997). In reality, several of the studies record the negative impacts of such macro system-level elements on the encouragement and intellectual accomplishment of African American learners (Howard Hammond, 1985; Ponterotto Pedersen, 1993; Steele Aronson, 1995). Nature of the Study Social research can be deductive or inductive and each is applied according to the research type. Deductive approach refers to particular information that has been gained from a general theory. Through the theory the researcher gets the foresights concerning the happening. Deductive research is termed as theory testing. In the case when a research initiates with a theory and is following the hypotheses that the researcher has set to test, the approach is deductive. Deductive reasoning sets to work moving from the more universal to the more precise. Induction is usually described as moving from the specific to the general. Observations are used for inductive approaches. Inductive reasoning moves from the more specific to a broader generalization and theory. In this case there is quite some uncertainty involved and the conclusions are based on theories.

One of the Best Shots Ever Essay -- Narrative Memoir Essays

One of the Best Shots Ever   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The soft moon rock jumped off the face of the club, as I moved through impact. All I saw was the perfect arch of the rock as it hurled through the air and over a small rock infested river that runs in front of the oblong green. I had just pulled off one of the best shots ever in my golf career.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It all started on a brisk August morning. That day I had to get up before the first rays of the sun could be noticed on the horizon. I awoke to the droning sound of my green digital alarm clock, and immediately jumped into a hot steaming shower to wake me up from a sleepless night. As I jumped out of the shower, I realized that I only had thirty minutes to be completely ready and do my morning warm-up. I flew through everything and still had to wait fifteen minutes for Jim to pick me up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The drive down to Cedaredge took an eternity, since I was ready to get on the golf course. We drove in and noticed that we were the first of our team to arrive. This gave me plenty of time to get ready. I went inside the plain glass doors of the clubhouse and received a large, green, plastic bucket of range balls, picked up my clubs and headed to the driving range. I noticed that as I walked there was a slight coat of dew on everything. I set my bucket of balls down on the right side of the hitting area where I always went and proceeded to go through my routine. The ground was very supple, but I couldn't even make a divot in it early in the morning because I was so stiff. My swing had not yet gotten adjusted to feel each piece of the grass as it went over the ground. The first shot into the horizon was a promising one. It traveled perfectly with even a little right to left action, or a draw. Then the... ...ine the ball would be traveling on and noticed a crater of a ball mark from a previous shot hit to the green. I fixed the indention in the green so I was ready to putt. I used the red star of my marking to place my ball on the right line. I knew the putt was slick with a foot of break to the right which was perfect for me since I putt left handed. I lifted my belly putter out of my bag and took my stance over my Hogan ball. I felt my smooth stroke just tap the ball and heard the plunk of it dropping into the earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I had just planted a small moon rock into the center of the earth. It was no ordinary rock and it happened on the hardest hole I have ever played on a golf course. I knew as soon as my Hogan ball dropped the day was mine and all I needed was that one perfect shot (or lucky break of not going in the water) to get me started in my golfing career.

Cashier Training manual Essay

Addictions Do addictions really exist? People constantly seem to say that they are addicted to nicotine, alcohol and drugs, but there are continuous debates whether this is just a necessity or a general want. Most people start using these substances out of depression as they convince themselves that it will make them feel better about themselves and the difficult life their living. However, others begin with these substances due to social surroundings as they feel the need to fit in around the harsh public. This then turns into a habit. There are 3 main types of addictions; psychological, mental and physical. Every case has a different type of addiction and some are overly exaggerated. After doing some research on addictions, I found that the term â€Å"addictions† has been proven to exist by many different scientists on quite a few websites. However I believe it does exist but more over it depends on the way each human beings mind works as some people have greater insecurities than others which cause them to feel the need to take such substances and over use them while others are mentally strong and take these substances once in a way for entertainment. Once you start experimenting with your bodies system and allowing these chemicals in, you should be strong in your mind to stop whenever but if you’re weak and allow your mind to take over, this will become an addiction. As proven by science, physical addictions exist. This has been mentioned by scientists on treatment websites, as many addicts have tried to stay clean for days and they experience â€Å"withdrawal symptoms† which means; â€Å"the person has developed a physical dependence.† Sometimes addicts give up as they find the withdrawal period harder than anything and feel the need to start the usage of drugs again. According to the National Institute of Health; â€Å"the addict’s whole life revolves around the drug whether they are harming themselves severely or not†. (http://advancedpaintreatment.com/types.asp) There are certain drugs which can be physically addicting to certain human beings; this is has been proven as an addiction to some degree. But can some  drugs and alcohol can be serious addictions? It is always in the mind of the one using these substances as they are mentally insecure and dependable human minds. In the case of ciggerets it is the nicotine in cigarettes causes the addiction. Nowadays the percentage of smokers have increased, people have found more reasons to continue smoking, allowing it to become a mental addiction. People may think it helps them focus or fills them up as this is what they want to believe. However, people who say nicotine is a necessity have it in their minds and cause their body to go through this mind set addiction, due to insecurities or depression. Nicotine brings a general sense of fulfillment to these said to be â€Å"addicts†. Smokers need to have the will power to let go of nicotine. Due to the weak mentality of human beings, it has been proven that the majority death toll is due to the tobacco in the nicotine. According to the National Institute of Health; â€Å"Tobacco use killed approximately 100 million people during the 20th century and, if current smoking trends continue, the cumulative death toll for this century has been projected to reach 1 billion.† (http://drugabuse.gov/scienceofaddiction/health.html) On the other hand, alcohol damages the brain and the way in which the stimulants in the brain work. Many people end up in rehab as they are â€Å"alcoholics†, but then again do those exist? To me alcoholics are just like â€Å"nicotine addicts† it is set in their minds as it brings a sense of joy and serenity. Many sorts of psychological issues cause this. Some people tend to push themselves to drink every day, as they feel the need for it due to weak minds as they have no control over their actions and give up on themselves, some with no reason at all. Alcoholics think they physically need the alcohol in their systems but truly they are just mentally addicted to it as they lose control over their lifestyle. There are way too many different types of drugs; each one has a different effect but not all of them become physical or mental addictions. Marijuana is a drug and said to be herbal, however it does affect the way in which your mind works and reacts to certain situations, but not for long. It could never be an addiction to any human being, well that’s how I would see it as it is just a different way of enjoyment for certain people. But this wouldn’t be a necessity to anybody and if the  person calls themselves an addict to this drug it proves that the person cannot accept their life and feels the need for something which cannot be a true addiction. This would be a psychological problem rather than addiction. Then again, drugs such as; heroin, cocaine, prescription medications and chemicals, like LSD, MDMA, Ecstasy , etc. are psychologically addictive and can cause serious damages to the body and brain if over used. Many people find it very easy to fall into an addiction with such drugs as their body becomes weak and they feel emotionally attached to these chemicals as they highly affect the stimulants in your brain. They feel a sense of relaxation which they appreciate and then think they need. When these drugs are excessively used they cause hallucinations which affect the human brain to see what is real and what isn’t, people who are physically addicted to such drugs lose sense in what reality truly is and do not realize that they aren’t sober nor in their senses. I believe this is a true addiction which builds up in fragile minds. There have been many people who have recently started to abuse prescription medications without any illnesses. The national institute of health posted that these medications can be addictive as well as poisonous, â€Å"This has been proven to not only be addictive but also lethal. Commonly abused classes of prescription drugs include painkillers, sedatives, and stimulants.† The certain stimulants in the brains of such people cause them to carry on taking these chemicals into their system; this is more of a psychological addiction which soon leads to a mental addiction. (http://drugabuse.gov/scienceofaddiction/health.html) In conclusion, I find that addictions do exist to an extent. People, who find themselves in the trap of requiring such substances, should try gaining inner self confidence and face reality rather than depend on drugs, alcohol or nicotine to help them through life. However heavy drugs such as heroin, pharmaceuticals, cocaine and chemicals, when used excessively can cause physical addictions, while alcohol and nicotine are moreover mental and psychological addictions in certain cases and for some people these are just socially used and aren’t said to be addictions at all as they can face reality with or without them. References: National Institute Of Health. National Institute On Drug Abuse. What are some effects of specific abused substances? Retrieved November 16th, 2011, from http://drugabuse.gov/scienceofaddiction/health.html Advanced Pain Treatment & Diagnostics Group. Are you tired? Tired of the shame, tired of hiding? Retrieved November 16th, 2011, from http://advancedpaintreatment.com/types.asp

Discuss the Effect of Islam upon West Africa Essay

Change Over Time Essay Assignment #1The camel, with its ability to travel long distances without water and carry heavy loads, facilitated trans-Saharan communication. During the seventh and eighth centuries CE, Islamic conquerors had added North Africa to the dar al-Islam. By the end of the eighth century CE, Muslim merchants had crossed the Sahara and initiated commercial relations with Sub-Saharan West Africa and by the beginning of the second millennium, Islam had become entrenched in West African life. Islam dramatically changed West Africa culturally, politically, and economically in the time period between 1000 CE and 1750 CE, but many staples of West African society remained the same. Economically, Islam ushered a new era of economic prosperity into West Africa. The adoption of Islam by West African states provided them with common ground upon which states such as Mali greatly expanded their gold trade to encompass Arab and Mediterranean nations. Established Muslim trade routes facilitated the huge increase in the volume of African trade. Commercial cities sprung up across West Africa, with commerce increasing Timbuktu’s population to 100,000. In the twelfth century, Muslim merchants introduced cotton, rice, and citrus fruits to West Africa; by the sixteenth century cotton was the main textile produced in West Africa. European demand for cotton textiles ensured that West Africa would remain economically prosperous. Islamic merchants expanded the African slave trade to a continental level, providing Europeans with a framework upon which to build the catastrophic Atlantic slave trade, replacing small scale tribal slavery with huge state economies built entirely around capturing slaves and selling them to foreign nations. However, despite these huge changes in economic methods and volume, West African states relied heavily upon trade as the principle form of economic support throughout periods of Islamic influence. The increase in trade with Islamic merchants between 1000 and 1750 led to the permeation of Islamic culture among West African peoples. Islamic rulers built large mosques and universities where people could learn about Islam, as well as other areas of knowledge. These universities spread literacy within West African society. Islam was generally tolerant of traditional values, such as polygamy. This allowed it greater popularity than  Christianity, and decreased resistance to conversion. Islam was not forced upon citizens by their kings, but rather was voluntarily encouraged. Despite this, many people adopted Islam, especially those who interacted with Muslim merchants. However, many of those who adopted Islam did not adopt Islam in its original form, but rather combined it with traditional religious beliefs to create a syncretic religion. There was much social turmoil among purists, such as the Fulani, and those who practiced syncretic Islam. Despite the large Islamic influence in the area, many chose not to adopt a syncretic faith and rather kept their traditional beliefs. The integration of Islamic culture into West Africa, as well as the economic prosperity that Islamic trade brought West Africa, led to the creation of large centralized states. As opposed to the small kingdoms, such as the kingdom of Ghana, that the first Islamic merchants encountered in West Africa, by the fifteenth century two large centralized empires had emerged. Islamic influence played a large part in the creation of these large empires. Firstly, the revenue created by integration of West Africa into Islamic trade allowed West African rulers to create and support large standing armies. These armies ensured that these empires could protect their peoples and sources of income, as well as exert their influence. Secondly, Islamic law, known as Shari’a, introduced to West Africa allowed for unified rule. Previously, varying tribal laws had caused disorder and fragmentation, as well as discontent. Islamic law facilitated and demanded the creation of large centralized empires. However, Islam itself did not necessarily become the exclusive religion of these empires; many, indeed most, citizens of these empires clung to and practiced their traditional pagan religious beliefs. Following the collapse of these two empires, West African political structure returned to the small regional kingdoms that had been West African norm before Muslim merchants crossed the Sahara. Overall, the Islam greatly, sometimes even completely, changed cultural, political, and economic environments in West Africa between 1000 CE and 1750 CE. Examples of this change include the introduction of centralized kingdoms, trans-Saharan trade, and Muslim values. Despite this great change, many elements of West African society, such as popular religion, dependence  on trade, and basic values remained the same despite Islamic influence up through 1750 CE. Near the end of that period, Africa began to be colonized by European nations, and fell under European influence.

Free Essays on Senior Reflection

Senior Reflection Essay As a candidate for the graduating class of 2005, I am asked to reflect on my undergraduate journey concerning the IUPUI Principles of Undergraduate Learning. These particular principles, total of six, concern with a variety of the characteristics of an undergraduate student. I have attained these principles at some point in my undergraduate journey at IUPUI. The first principle is of core communication and quantitative skills and this concern with my ability to read, write, speak, listen, and perform quantitative analysis, and use information resources and technology. I have positively and effectively attained this principle at IUPUI because I have written numerous papers expressing my ideas and facts in many classes I have taken such as English W131, and W231. I have also depicted my ability to communicate orally in one-on-one and group settings and I have done this in a speech class. Finally, I have made efficient use of information resources and technology for example: at the University Library, student labs, etc. I have used these resources for my personal and professional needs that are concerning school related work. The second principle concerns critical thinking significantly, my ability to analyze information and ideas carefully and logically from multiple perspectives. I have attained this principle by learning how to analyze complex issues and make informed decisions concerning my future. For instance, I had to make numerous decisions concerning my major since I wish to attend a Medical School in future. I have also done research in laboratories and wrote reports and thesis papers on particular subjects which display my ability to synthesize information in order to arrive at reasoned conclusions. The third principle is of integration and application of knowledge and this concerns my ability to use information and concepts from studies in multiple disciplines in my intellectual, professional... Free Essays on Senior Reflection Free Essays on Senior Reflection Senior Reflection Essay As a candidate for the graduating class of 2005, I am asked to reflect on my undergraduate journey concerning the IUPUI Principles of Undergraduate Learning. These particular principles, total of six, concern with a variety of the characteristics of an undergraduate student. I have attained these principles at some point in my undergraduate journey at IUPUI. The first principle is of core communication and quantitative skills and this concern with my ability to read, write, speak, listen, and perform quantitative analysis, and use information resources and technology. I have positively and effectively attained this principle at IUPUI because I have written numerous papers expressing my ideas and facts in many classes I have taken such as English W131, and W231. I have also depicted my ability to communicate orally in one-on-one and group settings and I have done this in a speech class. Finally, I have made efficient use of information resources and technology for example: at the University Library, student labs, etc. I have used these resources for my personal and professional needs that are concerning school related work. The second principle concerns critical thinking significantly, my ability to analyze information and ideas carefully and logically from multiple perspectives. I have attained this principle by learning how to analyze complex issues and make informed decisions concerning my future. For instance, I had to make numerous decisions concerning my major since I wish to attend a Medical School in future. I have also done research in laboratories and wrote reports and thesis papers on particular subjects which display my ability to synthesize information in order to arrive at reasoned conclusions. The third principle is of integration and application of knowledge and this concerns my ability to use information and concepts from studies in multiple disciplines in my intellectual, professional...

Biography of Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President

Biography of Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. President Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809–April 15, 1865) was the 16th president of the United States, serving from 1861 to 1865. During his time in office, the nation fought the Civil War, which claimed hundreds of thousands of lives. One of Lincolns greatest accomplishments was the abolition of slavery in 1864. Fast Facts: Abraham Lincoln Known For: U.S. president from March 4, 1861–March 3, 1865; issued  Emancipation Proclamation in 1862, freeing slaves in the southern United StatesAlso Known As: Honest AbeBorn: February 12, 1809 in Sinking Spring Farm, KentuckyDied: April 15, 1865 in Washington, D.C.Spouse: Mary Todd Lincoln (m. 1842–1865)Children: Robert, Edward, Willie, TadNotable Quote: Whenever I hear anyone arguing for slavery, I feel a strong impulse to see it tried on him personally. Early Life Abraham Lincoln was born in Hardin County, Kentucky, on February 12, 1809. He moved to Indiana in 1816 and lived there the rest of his youth. His mother died when he was 9 but he was very close to his stepmother, who urged him to read. Lincoln himself stated that he had about one year of formal education. However, he was taught by many different individuals. He loved to read and learn from any books he could get his hands on. On November 4,  1842, Lincoln married  Mary Todd. She had grown up in relative wealth. Many historians believe that Todd was mentally unbalanced; she struggled with mental health issues throughout her life and may have suffered from bipolar disorder. The Lincolns had four children, all but one of whom died young. Edward died at age 3 in 1850. Robert Todd grew up to be a politician,  lawyer, and diplomat. William Wallace died at the age of 12. He was the presidents only child to die in the White House. Thomas Tad died at 18. Military Career In 1832, Lincoln enlisted to fight in the Black Hawk War. He was quickly elected captain of a company of volunteers. His company joined regulars under Colonel Zachary Taylor. Lincoln only served 30 days in this capacity and then signed on as a private in the Mounted Rangers. He then joined the Independent Spy Corps. He saw no real action during his short stint in the military. Political Career Lincoln worked as a clerk before joining the military. He ran for the Illinois state legislature and lost in 1832. He was appointed as postmaster of New Salem, Illinois by Andrew Jackson and later elected as a Whig to the state legislature, where he served from 1834 to 1842. Lincoln studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1836. From 1847 to 1849 he served as a U.S. Representative in Congress. He was elected to the state legislature in 1854 but resigned to run for the U.S. Senate. He gave his famous house divided speech after being nominated. Lincoln-Douglas Debates Lincoln debated his opponent for the Senate seat, Stephen Douglas, seven times in what became known as the Lincoln-Douglas Debates. While they agreed on many issues, the two disagreed over the morality of slavery. Lincoln did not believe that slavery should spread any further through the United States, while Douglas argued for popular sovereignty. Lincoln explained that while he was not asking for equality, he believed African-Americans should receive the rights granted to all Americans in the Declaration of Independence: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Lincoln lost the election to Douglas. Presidential Election In 1860, Lincoln was nominated for the presidency by the Republican Party with Hannibal Hamlin as his running mate. He ran on a platform denouncing disunion and calling for an end to slavery in the territories. The Democrats were divided, with Stephen Douglas representing the Democrats and John Breckinridge the National (Southern) Democrats nominee. John Bell ran for the Constitutional Union Party, which took away votes from Douglas. In the end, Lincoln won 40 percent of the popular vote and 180 of the 303 electoral college votes. Since he was in a four-way race, this was enough to ensure his victory. First Presidential Term The main event of Lincolns presidency was the  Civil War,  which lasted from 1861 to 1865.  Eleven states seceded from the Union, and Lincoln firmly believed in the importance of not only defeating the Confederacy but also reuniting North and South to preserve the Union. In September 1862, Lincoln issued the  Emancipation Proclamation. This declaration freed the slaves in all of the Southern states. In 1864, Lincoln promoted  Ulysses S. Grant  to commander of all Union forces. Reelection The Republicans, at this point called the National Union Party, had some concern that Lincoln wouldnt win but still renominated him for a second term with Andrew Johnson as his vice president. Their platform demanded unconditional surrender and an official end to slavery. Challenger George McClellan had been relieved as the head of the Union armies by Lincoln. His platform was that the war was a failure, and Lincoln had taken away too many civil liberties. Lincoln won reelection after the war turned in the Norths favor. In April 1865, Richmond fell and  Confederate General Robert E. Lee  surrendered at  Appomattox Courthouse. In the end, the war was the most costly  in American history and also the bloodiest, with hundreds of thousands of casualties. Slavery was forever ended with the passage of the  Thirteenth Amendment. Death On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated while attending a play at Fords Theater in Washington, D.C. Actor John Wilkes Booth shot him in the back of the head before jumping onto the stage and escaping to Maryland. Lincoln died on April 15 and was buried in Springfield, Illinois. John Parrot / Stocktrek Images / Getty Images On April 26, Booth was found hiding in a barn, which was set on fire. He was then shot and killed. Eight conspirators were punished for their roles in the plot to kill the president. Legacy Lincoln is considered by many scholars to be one of the most accomplished and successful presidents in United States history. He is credited with holding the Union together and leading the North to victory in the Civil War. Furthermore, his actions led to the emancipation of African-Americans from the bonds of slavery. Sources Donald, David Herbert.  Lincoln. Niagara, 1996.Gienapp, William E.  Abraham Lincoln and Civil War America: a Biography. Oxford University Press, 2002.

Sports Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sports Economic - Essay Example Therefore, Commission of AFL established a research board in 1999, in order to establish a body for administering the selection of priorities concerning research and allocation of resources (Booth, 2006). Projects began in 2000 contributing to Australian football becoming a strange paradox due to the game played exclusively in one continent and has transcended cultural barriers and ethnic divides through integration of communities (Australian Football League (AFL), 2012). In fact, the paper will focus on exploring issues related to Australian Football League (AFL). League behavior The players in AFL are expected to behave like sportsmen, whereby upholding their standards of professional conduct and avoid compromising the integrity and dignity of AFL football, clubs, AFLPA and players. In addition, during matches and training sessions the player are also expected to behave in the similar manner, which is in accordance to the Clause 2.1 of the Code (Borland & McDonald, 2004). However, in situations where there are findings by the AFL Tribunal related to misconduct against a player, they are parties involved are dealt with in accordance with the AFL rules. AFL policies One of the most commonly known policies is AFL Anti-Doping Code, which is varied according to the law 21.2 that apply to the payers participating in these games, in a situation where the Controlling Body has not adopted their own code or policy. Nevertheless, the policy that has been adopted by any Controlling Body has to be approved by the Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority (ASADA) (AFL, 2012). Moreover, the Controlling Body has no obligation to perform testing of players unless directed by AFL, and they should not appoint third parties to undertake these testing procedures. The other policy stipulates that a player, who has been directed to leave the playing surface, should only be replaced by a player whose name is on Team Sheet. The other policy states that a replacement player should enter the playing surface at the same time when the player is leaving the playing surface, and if the replacement player fails to enter the playing surface before the other player has left, the Umpire should restart play. The other policy indicates that player are not allowed to wear any form of jewelers, boot studs, cletes or any protective equipment that is not approved by the Controlling Body. However, there are situations where the field Umpire is convinced that the item does not subject players in any form of risk related to injury. AFL Winning Percentage Team Win% Year Collingwood 100 1929 Geelong 95.45 2008 Essendon 95.45 2000 Carlton 94.44 1908 Essendon 94.44 1950 South Melbourne 92.86 1918 Collingwood 90.91 2011 St Kilda 90.91 2009 Carlton 90.91 1995 Melbourne 88.89 1956 Competitive Imbalance Remedies The measurement of competitive balance relates to two aspects, which include; within-season competition balance that are associated with relative quality of teams in a season, and between-season competitive balance that are aimed at relative quality of teams over a number of seasons (Booth, 2000). One remedy for competitive imbalance is the merits of various measures that canvassed prior to settling on two basic measures, which include; distributions of season win percentage within-season competitive balance and distribution of premierships that are a measurement between season competitive

To what extent is there a responsibility on the part of business Essay

To what extent is there a responsibility on the part of business people to act ethically - Essay Example Nevertheless, the idea of ethics in business has gained momentum and until now much effort is being invested in turning business ethical (eg. Maclagan, 2008; Zolsnia, 2006). In lieu with this, the paper intends to address the question, to what extent is there a responsibility on the part of business people to act ethically? In order to answer this question, the electronic databases Academic Research Premier and Business Search Premier were searched using a combination of the following key terms: business ethics, social responsibility, and organization. Articles written only in English and published from the period of 1990 till 2008 were selected. Articles that provided an analysis of ethics and social responsibility in connection with business were included in the selection. Correspondingly, excluded in the selection were editorials, case studies, commentaries, mimeographs, and pamphlets. The reference list of the articles was searched to identify additional relevant publications. Moreover, it should be noted that the question that will be answered in this paper already has certain assumptions embedded within in the question itself. These assumptions are: first, business people are already expected to act ethically and as such, the necessity of clarifying the ‘extent’ of their responsibility becomes a little urgent. Second, the question also assumes that acting ethically falls within the concept of responsibility attributed to business people. This particular assumption has been criticised on the premise that as scholars in business and organizations continue to assume that acting ethically is a responsibility of business people and business, they fail to provide a clear conceptual analysis of the concept of responsibility (Comite, 2008). Thus, a vague appreciation of the connection between responsibility and acting ethically in

Old Man Coyote Makes the World- Crow Story -American Indian Myths and Essay

Old Man Coyote Makes the World- Crow Story -American Indian Myths and Legends - Essay Example This channel of communication and mutual understanding was evident from the very beginning of the story where Old Man Coyote wanted someone to talk to rather than someone to rule over. In his discourse with the ducks, He sought their advice rather than impose his own will upon them. Additionally, Old Man Coyote is not the all knowing creator which is commonly presented in western mythos since he does not know if there is anything in the world other than water, he does not even know that ducks can stay underwater for a long period of time. The image of the creator matches the idea of a very powerful being, but the being is not all knowing. Moreover, Old Man Coyote is not very well acquainted with many different ideas of society and social existence which were taught to him by other creatures. For instance, he does not understand war or the need for was as a social conflict that allows certain problems to be settled once and for all or as a means to improve a person’s social standing. Cirape is the character which comes across as the individual which has the wisdom of a god but does not have the strength to put his thoughts into action. Finally, the relationship which the creator animal has with other animals brings about an image of a united family since the characters address each other as younger and elder brothers. The image of family is essential to the progress of the storyline since even characters that are not cooperative and act in hostility are not killed off or banished. The case of the Bear is a predominant one since his rebellion does not take him to hell; rather he is supposed to hibernate for the winter months while the other animals can stay awake. In conclusion, the creation story of the native American mythology is an interesting work since it does give significant insights into native American culture as well as the relationships that a society should have as a result of following that particular culture. Of course

Relevance of International Human Resource Management

Relevance of International Human Resource Management The study of International Human Resource Management is fine if you are going to work in a large Multinational Enterprise, but has no relevance for individuals who are going to work in small firms. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons and appropriate examples to support your answer. This paper sets out to show that the study of international human resource management is of benefit to individuals who are going to work in small firms whether in a management or worker capacity . It is noted that a â€Å"small firm† may or may not be multinational and for the purpose of this discussion it is assumed that the inference is that they are not. This paper will demonstrate that through showing that an appreciation of different approaches to work there can be benefits for the individual employee and the manager. Further benefits will be seen through demonstrating that strict adherence to accepted national customs and culture can have a negative effect on business success. There will also be a discussion on how individuals and businesses need to be aware of the increasingly multicultural nature of the British workforce. To open this debate it is necessary to define what is meant by the term â€Å"international human resource management†. Investigation into the term suggests that the emphasis lies on how to operate the human resource management function in multinational businesses and that it is concerned with the similarities and differences of managing in different countries and how to integrate a business culture across international boundaries. However, it is found that little attention is given to the fact that the UK has an increasingly multinational workforce and whilst they may be subject to the systems, procedures and laws of the UK, they way they think and operate is strongly affected by their personal national culture which may vary significantly to that of the UK. The BBC reports that â€Å"(a) record 582,000 people came to live in the UK from elsewhere in the world in 2004, according to government expertsâ€Å" (BBC 2005, p. not given). They further suggest that this influx is necessary to help the UK economy grow as the majority of these migrants have come to the country to work. The Times newspaper supports this in reporting that â€Å"Britain needed workers for 600,000 vacancies, including low-paid jobs that were often difficult to fillâ€Å" and goes on to say that â€Å"(e)mployers are aggressively recruiting staff from other countries† (Nugent et al 2004, page not given). They also found that 96% of these migrants were employed in full time work (Nugent et al 2004). This shows that the UK workforce is becoming increasingly multinational and diverse. The main arguments for the increase in awareness of international human resource management would seem to stress the pressures on managers working in multinational businesses. As an example of this, Trompenaars et al tell us that â€Å"(i)nternational managers have it tough. They must operate on a number of different premises at any one time. These premises arise from their culture of origin, the culture in which they are working and the culture of the organisation which employs them† (Trompenaars et al 1997, p. 3). However, the writer would argue that the same challenges also face those working in a solely UK based business as they become increasingly likely to be working with and for colleagues who originate from countries other than the UK and have different cultural expectations. To be able to ensure that the working relationship between groups is a productive and positive one, each individual would benefit from an understanding of some aspects of international human resou rce management especially in the area of culture where attitudes towards leadership, motivation, and pay and recognition may vary. A further benefit of awareness of different human resource management practices may be the realisation that UK based businesses may be able to adopt positive aspects of other countries work practices and cultures. Mullins (2005) states, there are benefits to be found in a business looking at how it’s national culture may be limiting their ability to be strategically competitive. He continues by citing Trompenaars who felt that his own work â€Å"helped managers to structure their experiences and provided insights for them and their organisations into the real source of problems faced when managing across cultures or dealing with diversity† (Trompenaars 1999, p. 31. cited in Mullins 2005, p. 43). Against the argument for individuals who are going to work in a small firm studying international human resource management is the range of areas such a topic covers. International human resource managers need to have an appreciation of the laws and policies of the countries their employer operates in and whilst this may of interest to a UK employee, it is not an area they would automatically be able to influence or change. This brings us to the questions of whether rather than international human resource management, what we are discussing is the management of diversity both from the point of view of a manager who supervises the work of a multicultural workforce or the case of an individual worker whose colleagues originate from a variety of cultural backgrounds. Brooks supports this point and states that â€Å"(d)ifferences in national culture may have a bearing on how organisations deal with each other and also on behaviour within organisations which comprise a mix of nationalities† (Brooks 2003, p. 264). Francesco and Gold say that â€Å"managers must develop organizational systems that are flexible enough to take into account the meaning of work and the relative value of rewards within the range of cultures where they operate† (Francesco et al 1998, p. 144) and whilst when saying this, they meant it to be applied to multinational organisations, the same can be said to be true of those working in a multicultural environment nationally based. Mullins agrees with this in saying that â€Å"there are a number of very good reasons why we could usefully understand cultural differences (and similarity) at work, based on new awareness contributing to our own effectiveness and moreover to the accomplishment of organisational goals† (Mullins 2005, p. 44). He goes on to say that â€Å"there could therefore be advantages of cross-cultural awareness which include: increased self-awareness; sensitivity to difference; questioning our own assumptions and knowledge; lessening ignorance , prejudice and hatred† (Mullins 2005, p. 44). As an example, a manager with a predominantly British cultural background may need to adapt their motivational techniques for individuals from cultures where recognition through praise is more highly regarded than a financial bonus. From the writers own experience, a common UK practice of publicising individual performance levels was found to be highly demotivating and a source of unease amongst a predominantly Asian workforce. Adler suggests there are inbuilt dangers where multi-cultural teams operate â€Å"(m)istrust including stereotyping; miscommunication with potential for reduced accuracy and resultant stress; process difficulties, that is failure to agree when agreement is needed or even what constitutes agreement when arriving at decisions† (Adler 1997, cited in Mullins 2005, p. 44). To overcome these potential issues, there must be an understanding and appreciation of the human resource management systems of other cultures as these will influence the work expectations and practices of the workforce. The Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) see the embracing if diversity as being crucial. They say that â€Å"(t)oday, many organisations are out-thinking and outperforming their competitors by using diversity as a strategy for ensuring long-term success and advantageâ€Å" (CIPD date not known page not given). They support his view by adding that â€Å"(i)n the face of changing demographics, a narrowing talent pool and an increasingly global marketplace, nurturing the creativity, innovation and hidden potential of organisations is vital† (CIPD date not known page not given). A further aspect to be considered is the legal requirement for companies to embrace diversity in their workforce. Since the 1970s there has been an increasing amount of legislation in the UK relating to pay equality and sex and racial discrimination. However, a CIPD survey found that 68% of respondents gave â€Å"legal pressures† as the key driver for diversity in their business (CIPD 2006, p. 3) suggesting rather than an appreciation of the business benefits of embracing diversity, the importance placed on these issues is due more to a fear of the negative publicity and costs associated with legal action as a result of discrimination. The concept of international human resource management has been seen to be mainly the concern of individuals who are to intend to operate across geographical boundaries. It has been demonstrated however that there are many aspects of the subject that are not only applicable to those intending to work for a small firm, but could also benefit them in being able to encourage cultural diversity and adopt good practice from other countries. The increasingly multi national workforce in the UK and the introduction of legislation relating to diversity means that employers and employees must have an awareness of the areas of international human resource management that relate to understanding and embracing cultural differences. References and bibliography. Adler, N.J. (2001). International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior. California, USA: South-Western College Publishing. BBC. (2005). Record immigration levels to UK. Accessed at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4359756.stm on 7/03/2007. Brooks, I. (2003). Organisational Behaviour: Individuals Groups and Organisations. 2nd ed. Harlow: Prentice Hall FT. CIPD. (date not known).The Psychology of Diversity. Accessed at: http://www.cipd.co.uk/CMSTraining/Psychology+of+Management/Psychology+of+Management/PCD.htm on 7/03/2007. CIPD (2002). New research shows international HR managers create global culture. Accessed at: http://www.cipd.co.uk/pressoffice/_articles/20092002135000.htm?IsSrchRes=1 on 9/02/2007. CIPD. (2003). HR’s Contribution to International Mergers and Acquisitions. London: CIPD. CIPD. (2006). Diversity in Business: How Much Progress have Employers Made. First Findings. London: CIPD. Francesco, A. M. Gold, B. A. (1998). International Organizational Behavior: Texts, Readings, Cases and Skills. Harlow: Prentice Hall FT Lucas, R. Lupton, B. Mathieson, H. (2007). Human Resources Management in an International Context. London: CIPD. Markides, C. Geroski, P.(2003). â€Å"Colonizers and consolidators: the two cultures of corporate strategy† in Strategy and Business. Fall Vol 32 p 46-55. Mullins, L.J. (2005). Management and Organisational Behaviour. Harlow: Prentice Hall. Nugent, H. Tendler, S. Patty, A. (2004). Foreign workers snap up the jobs that Britons on benefit reject. Times newspaper. November 11, 2004. Trompenaars, F. Hampden-Turner, C. (1997). Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business. London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing Ltd. Trompenaars, F. (1999). Trans-Culture Competence. People Management, 22nd April, p. 31. Trompenaars, F. Hampden-Turner, C. (2004). Managing People Across Cultures. Oxford: Capstone Publishing Ltd.